Knowledgebase

Introduction

Developing and deploying modern Kubernetes native applications is a process that involves many steps. Software developers spend a long time building, updating Kubernetes manifests, deploying, and managing container images. In some cases, a dedicated professional is hired to manage the whole platform, and this is where Skaffold comes into play.

Skaffold is an open-source CI/CD tool that simplifies workflow for developers by gathering all these processes in one place. It continuously scans the local file system to monitor source code changes, creates a CI/CD pipeline to build code into the container image, pushes the image update to the DockerHub registry, and deploys it to the target Kubernetes cluster. In addition, Skaffold enables developers to focus on writing code locally while it continuously deploys application code to local or remote Kubernetes clusters.

Skaffold Features

• Support multiple tools including, kubectl, helm, and kustomize.

• Integrates with other CI/CD tools such as GitHub Actions or ArgoCD.

• Highly extensible and supports build profiles.

• Supports multiple applications written in Java, Go, Python, and Node.js.

In this guide, you will continuously develop and monitor an Express Application using Skaffold and Octant on a rcs Kubernetes Engine (VKE) cluster. You will create an Express application, and use Skaffold to test and debug your Express application in a cluster. In addition, you'll install Octant to monitor your cluster and workloads in real-time using a web-based dashboard.

Prerequisites

Before you begin:

• Deploy a rcs Kubernetes Engine (VKE) cluster with at least three nodes.

• Install Kubectl on your computer to access the cluster.

• Install Docker.

• Add your current user to the sudo and Docker groups.

Install Skaffold

1. Download the Skaffold binary file.

   $ curl -Lo skaffold https://storage.googleapis.com/skaffold/releases/latest/skaffold-linux-amd64
   

2. Install Skaffold as a systemwide application.

   $ sudo install skaffold /usr/local/bin/
   

3. Verify the installed Skaffold version.

   $ skaffold version
   

   Output.

   v2.6.0
   

Create an Express Application

In this section, install Node.js on your local system and use it to create an Express application as described below.

1. Import the Node source repository.

   $ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_18.x -o nodesource_setup.sh && sudo bash nodesource_setup.sh
   

2. Install Node.js.

   $ sudo apt install nodejs -y
   

3. Verify the installed Node.js version.

   $ node -v
   

   Output.

   v18.16.0
   

4. Create a new directory for the Express application.

   $ mkdir app
   

5. Change to the app directory.

   $ cd app
   

6. Using a text editor such as Nano, create a package.json file to define the project dependencies.

   $ nano package.json
   

7. Add the following configurations to the file.

   {
   
     "name": "my-express-app",
   
     "version": "1.0.0",
   
     "description": "Express Hello World Application",
   
     "main": "app.js",
   
     "scripts": {
   
       "start": "node app.js"
   
     },
   
     "dependencies": {
   
       "express": "4.17.1"
   
     }
   
   }
   

   Save and close the file.

8. Create an app.js Express application file.

   $ nano app.js
   

9. Add the following configurations to the file.

   'use strict';
   
   const express = require('express');
   
   const PORT = process.env.PORT || 8080;
   
   const app = express();
   
   app.get('/', function (req, res) {
   
     res.send('Express Hello World Application!\n');
   
   });
   
   app.listen(PORT);
   
   console.log('Running on http://localhost:' + PORT);
   

   Save and close the file.

10. Install the application dependencies.

    $ npm install
    

11. Start the Express application in the background.

    $ npm start
    

    Output:

    > my-express-app@1.0.0 start
    
    > node app.js
    
    
    
    Running on http://localhost:8080
    

12. In a different SSH session, test that you can access the Express application.

    $ curl 127.0.0.1:8080
    

    Output:

    Express Hello World Application!
    

13. Stop the running application by pressing CTRL + C.

Create a Dockerfile

Skaffold uses Docker and the Dockerfile to build a container image from the application source code before pushing it into the DockerHub registry. Set up a new Dockerfile as described in this section.

1. Create the Dockerfile.

   $ nano Dockerfile
   

2. Add the following configurations to the file.

   FROM node:14-alpine as builder
   
   ENV NODE_ENV="production"
   
   
   
   # Copy app's source code to the /app directory
   
   COPY . /app
   
   
   
   # The application's directory will be the working directory
   
   WORKDIR /app
   
   
   
   # Install Node.js dependencies defined in '/app/package.json'
   
   RUN npm install
   
   FROM node:14-alpine
   
   ENV NODE_ENV="production"
   
   COPY --from=builder /app /app
   
   WORKDIR /app
   
   ENV PORT 8080
   
   EXPOSE 8080
   
   
   
   # Start the application
   
   CMD ["npm", "start"]
   

   Save and close the file.

3. To grant Skaffold access to the DockerHub registry. Log in to your Dockerhub account by running the command below.

   $ docker login
   

   When prompted, enter your DockerHub credentials to build and push the image. Your output should look like the one below.

   Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don't have a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one.
   
   Username: example-user
   
   Password: 
   
   WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /home/example-user/.docker/config.json.
   
   Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
   
   https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credentials-store
   
   
   
   Login Succeeded
   

Create Kubernetes Manifest Files

Skaffold requires a Dockerfile and Kubernetes Manifest files present in your directory to create containers. Set up the necessary manifest files as described in the steps below.

1. Create a deployment.yaml file.

   $ nano deployment.yaml
   

2. Add the following configurations to the file. Replace example-user with your actual DockerHub username.

   apiVersion: apps/v1
   
   kind: Deployment
   
   metadata:
   
     name: my-express-app
   
   spec:
   
     replicas: 1
   
     selector:
   
       matchLabels:
   
         app: my-express-app
   
     template:
   
       metadata:
   
         labels:
   
           app: my-express-app
   
       spec:
   
         containers:
   
         - name: my-express-app
   
           image: example-user/my-express-app
   
           resources:
   
             limits:
   
               memory: 128Mi
   
               cpu: 500m
   
           ports:
   
           - containerPort: 8080
   

   Save and close the file.

   The above configuration file references an Express image name and defines your application port.

3. Create a new service.yaml file.

   $ nano service.yaml
   

4. Add the following configurations to the file.

   apiVersion: v1
   
   kind: Service
   
   metadata:
   
     name: my-express-app-svc
   
   spec:
   
     selector:
   
       app: my-express-app
   
     type: LoadBalancer
   
     ports:
   
     - protocol: TCP
   
       port: 8080
   
       targetPort: 8080
   

   Save and close the file.

   The above configuration defines the Service resource to expose your application to the outside world.

Initialize Skaffold

1. Initialize your Skaffold project.

   $ skaffold init
   

   The above command scans for the Dockerfile and Kubernetes Manifests. It prompts you with a series of questions and creates a Skaffold configuration file skaffold.yaml in your app directory. Reply to the prompts as below.

   ? Choose the builder to build image example-user/my-express-app  [Use arrows to move, type to filter]
   
     Buildpacks (package.json)
   
   > Docker (Dockerfile)
   
   ? Choose the builder to build image example-user/my-express-app Docker (Dockerfile)
   
   ? Which builders would you like to create kubernetes resources for? 
   
   apiVersion: skaffold/v4beta6
   
   kind: Config
   
   metadata:
   
     name: app
   
   build:
   
     artifacts:
   
       - image: example-user/my-express-app
   
         docker:
   
           dockerfile: Dockerfile
   
   manifests:
   
     rawYaml:
   
       - deployment.yaml
   
       - service.yaml
   
   
   
   ? Do you want to write this configuration to skaffold.yaml? (y/N) y
   
   Configuration skaffold.yaml was written
   
   You can now run [skaffold build] to build the artifacts
   
   or [skaffold run] to build and deploy
   
   or [skaffold dev] to enter development mode, with auto-redeploy
   

   When successful, your Skaffold project is initialized and ready to run in continuous development mode.

Continuously Build and Test an Express Application

In continuous development mode, Skaffold continuously monitors your application files for any changes. After detecting changes, Skaffold rebuilds the Express application image, pushes it to the DockerHub container registry,and deploys your application to the Kubernetes cluster.

1. Run the Skaffold in development mode in the background.

   $ skaffold dev &
   

   Your output should look like the below:

   - deployment.apps/my-express-app configured
   
   - service/my-express-app-svc configured
   
   Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
   
   - deployment/my-express-app is ready.
   
   Deployments stabilized in 5.393 seconds
   
   Press Ctrl+C to exit
   
   [my-express-app] 
   
   [my-express-app] > my-express-app@1.0.0 start /app
   
   [my-express-app] > node app.js
   
   [my-express-app] 
   
   [my-express-app] Running on http://localhost:8080
   

2. When successful, query the pod status.

   $ kubectl get pods
   

   Your output should look like the one below:

   NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
   
   my-express-app-75d5c8c6b4-g49hp   1/1     Running   0          67s
   

3. Run the following command to get the IP Address of the new Load Balancer created for the Express application.

   $ kubectl get svc
   

   Your output should look like the one below.

   NAME                 TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)          AGE
   
   kubernetes           ClusterIP      10.96.0.1       <none>         443/TCP          22m
   
   my-express-app-svc   LoadBalancer   10.104.199.14   192.0.2.1   8080:31883/TCP   2m48s
   

   Verify that the Load Balancer has a public IP address as displayed in the above EXTERNAL-IP 192.0.2.1 output.

4. In your web browser, access the application on the localhost port 8080 as displayed in the Skaffold output, or visit your cluster external IP.

   https://192.0.2.1
   

   

5. When successful, modify the source code of your Express application in the app.js file from Express Hello World Application! to Express Hello World Application Updated! as below.

   $ sed -i 's/Express Hello World Application!/Express twice Hello World Application Updated!/g' app.js
   

   When successful, Skaffold automatically triggers a rebuild and deploys the updated image to your Kubernetes cluster.

6. Refresh your web browser tab to view the updated Express application.

   

Monitor the Express Application with Octant

Octant is an open-source and web-based tool used to monitor cluster applications in real time. With Octant, you can debug and inspect Kubernetes objects and container logs faster. In this section, monitor the Express application using Octant as described below.

1. Download Octant from the official GitHub repository.

   $ wget https://github.com/vmware-archive/octant/releases/download/v0.25.1/octant_0.25.1_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
   

2. Extract the downloaded file.

   $ tar -xvzf octant_0.25.1_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
   

3. To activate the Octant command, move it to the /usr/bin directory.

   $ sudo mv octant_0.25.1_Linux-64bit/octant /usr/bin/
   

4. Grant execute permissions on the Octant binary.

   $ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/octant 
   

5. Verify the installed Octant version.

   $ octant version
   

   Output:

   Version:  0.25.1
   
   Git commit:  f16cbb951905f1f8549469dfc116ca16cf679d46
   
   Built:  2022-02-24T23:02:15Z
   

6. Start the Octant server in the background.

   $ octant --listener-addr 0.0.0.0:7777
   

7. In your web browser, visit the Octant web interface to start monitoring your Express application in the Kubernetes cluster.

   http://192.0.2.1:7777
   

   

Optional: Working with the Skaffold CLI

The Skaffold command-line tool offers options that allow you to run, deploy, debug, and delete a pipeline. Below are the most commonly used Skaffold commands.

• skaffold help - prints help information.

• skaffold init - generates a Skaffold configuration file for application deployment.

• skaffold debug - run a pipeline in debug mode.

• skaffold run - build and deploy a pipeline.

• skaffold build - Build a container image.

• skaffold deploy - Deploy a built image to the cluster.

• skaffold dev - run a pipeline in development mode with auto-redeploy.

• skaffold delete - delete a deployed application.

• skaffold diagnose - diagnose whether Skaffold works on the cluster.

• skaffold render - build all images and print rendered Kubernetes manifests.

• skaffold config - defines the Skaffold configuration file location.

Conclusion

In this article, you installed Skaffold on a rcs Kubernetes Engine (VKE) cluster, and created a sample Express application for monitoring using Octant. For more information, visit the following documentation pages:

• Octant Documentation.

• Skaffold Documentation.

• rcs Kubernetes Engine Reference Guide.